R(1)

NAME
R - a language for data analysis and graphics

SYNOPSIS
R [options] [< infile] [> outfile]
R CMD command [arguments]

DESCRIPTION
Start R, a system for statistical computation and graphics, with the specified options, or invoke an R tool via the 'R CMD' interface.

R is a language which bears a passing resemblance to the S language developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories. It provides support for a variety of statistical and graphical analyses. R is a true computer language which contains a number of control-flow constructions for iteration and alternation. It allows users to add additional functionality by defining new functions.

On systems which have the GNU readline(3) library, R will maintain a command history, so that commands can be recalled, edited and re-executed.

OPTIONS
Most options control what happens at the beginning and at the end of an R session, in particular which files are being read and written, and how much memory is reserved for the R process.

-h, --help
    Print short help message and exit

--version
    Print version info and exit

--encoding=ENC
    Specify encoding to be used for stdin

--encoding ENC

RHOME
    Print path to R home directory and exit

--save
    Do save workspace at the end of the session

--no-save
    Don't save it

--no-environ
    Don't read the site and user environment files

--no-site-file
    Don't read the site-wide Rprofile

--no-init-file
    Don't read the user R profile

--restore
    Do restore previously saved objects at startup

--no-restore-data
    Don't restore previously saved objects

--no-restore-history
    Don't restore the R history file

--no-restore
    Don't restore anything

--vanilla
    Combine --no-save, --no-restore, --no-site-file, --no-init-file and --no-environ

--no-readline
    Don't use readline for command-line editing

--max-connections=N
    Set max number of connections to N

--max-ppsize=N
    Set max size of protect stack to N

--min-nsize=N
    Set min number of fixed size obj's ("cons cells") to N

--min-vsize=N
    Set vector heap minimum to N bytes; '4M' = 4 MegaB

-q, --quiet
    Don't print startup message

--silent
    Same as --quiet

-s, --no-echo
    Make R run as quietly as possible

--interactive
    Force an interactive session

--verbose
    Print more information about progress

-d, --debugger=NAME
    Run R through debugger NAME

--debugger-args=ARGS
    Pass ARGS as arguments to the debugger

-g TYPE, --gui=TYPE
    Use TYPE as GUI; possible values are 'X11' (default) and 'Tk'.

--arch=NAME
    Specify a sub-architecture

--args
    Skip the rest of the command line

-f FILE, --file=FILE
    Take input from 'FILE'

-e EXPR
    Execute 'EXPR' and exit

FILE may contain spaces but not shell metacharacters.

  Commands:

BATCH
    Run R in batch mode

COMPILE
    Compile files for use with R

SHLIB
    Build shared library for dynamic loading

INSTALL
    Install add-on packages

REMOVE
    Remove add-on packages

build
    Build add-on packages

check
    Check add-on packages

LINK
    Front-end for creating executable programs

Rprof
    Post-process R profiling files

Rdconv
    Convert Rd format to various other formats

Rd2pdf
    Convert Rd format to PDF

Rd2txt
    Convert Rd format to pretty text

Stangle
    Extract S/R code from Sweave documentation

Sweave
    Process Sweave documentation

Rdiff
    Diff R output ignoring headers etc

config
    Obtain configuration information about R

javareconf
    Update the Java configuration variables

rtags
    Create Emacs-style tag files from C, R, and Rd files

Please use 'R CMD command --help' to obtain further information about the usage of 'command'.

Options --arch, --no-environ, --no-init-file, --no-site-file and --vanilla can be placed between R and CMD, to apply to R processes run by 'command'

REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs at <https://bugs.R-project.org>.

COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2025 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin22.6.0

R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. You are welcome to redistribute it under the terms of the GNU General Public License versions 2 or 3. For more information about these matters see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

SEE ALSO
The full documentation for R is provided by a collection of Texinfo manuals and individual help for R objects which is also available on-line.

Start R and type ?topic at the R prompt to obtain on-line information for `topic'.

If the processed manuals have been installed they will be available as DVI and/or PDF files in the doc/manual subdirectory of the documentation directory tree (default `R RHOME`).

If the info program and the R manuals are installed on your system, typing info -f R-intro, info -f R-data, info -f R-exts, info -f R-FAQ, info -f R-lang and info -f R-ints should give you access to ``An Introduction to R'' (the basic manual), the ``R Data Import/Export'' Guide, the ``R Extension Writer's Guide'', the ``R FAQ'', the ``The R Language Definition'', and the ``R Internals''.